Details
1. Basic Information?
N-Methyldiethanolamine, commonly known as MDEA, is an organic compound with significant industrial importance. Its Chinese name is N - (Jiǎ Jī Èr Yǐ Chún Àn), and in English, it is called N-Methyldiethanolamine. The chemical structure of MDEA consists of a central nitrogen atom bonded to a methyl group (-CH?) and two 2-hydroxyethyl groups (-CH?CH?OH), which can be represented by the following structural formula: CH? - N (CH?CH?OH)?. Its molecular formula is C?H??NO?, indicating the types and numbers of atoms present in one molecule of MDEA, with 5 carbon atoms, 13 hydrogen atoms, 1 nitrogen atom, and 2 oxygen atoms. This unique molecular structure endows MDEA with a set of distinct physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a wide range of applications across different industries.?
2. Physical and Chemical Properties?
2.1 Physical Properties?
- Appearance: N-Methyldiethanolamine typically presents as a colorless to deep yellow oily liquid. This characteristic appearance is easily distinguishable and serves as an initial identifier in industrial and laboratory settings.?
- Odor: It has an odor reminiscent of ammonia, which is a notable sensory property that can be detected even at low concentrations, providing a simple means of preliminary identification during handling and use.?
- Solubility: MDEA exhibits excellent solubility behavior. It can be readily mixed with water and alcohols, forming homogeneous solutions. This high solubility in common solvents is crucial for its applications in various processes, such as gas absorption and chemical reactions in solution - phase systems. However, its solubility in ethers is relatively low, being only slightly soluble. This solubility profile affects its separation and purification processes in some applications.?
- Boiling Point: With a boiling point of approximately 247 °C (at normal pressure), MDEA has a relatively high boiling point. This property makes it suitable for use in high - temperature processes where its liquid state needs to be maintained without significant vaporization losses. For example, in gas - treating processes that involve heating for solvent regeneration, its high boiling point ensures that the MDEA solvent remains in the liquid phase during the operation.?
- Melting Point: The melting point of MDEA is around - 21 °C. This low melting point allows it to exist in a liquid state under normal ambient conditions in most industrial settings, facilitating its handling and transportation without the need for special heating or melting equipment.?
- Density: At 20 °C, the density of N - methyldiethanolamine is about 1.038 g/cm³. This density value is important for accurate dosing and volume - to - mass conversions in industrial processes. It helps in determining the amount of MDEA required for a specific application based on the volume of the reaction vessel or the flow rate in a pipeline.?
2.2 Chemical Properties?
- Stability: MDEA is chemically stable under normal operating conditions. It has a low vapor pressure, which means it does not easily vaporize into the atmosphere, reducing the risk of losses during storage and use. It is also resistant to heat and chemical corrosion. For instance, in the presence of common industrial chemicals and under elevated temperatures (within its normal operating range), it does not decompose or react in an unwanted manner, ensuring the reliability and longevity of processes in which it is involved.?
- Acid - Base Properties: As an organic amine, MDEA has basic properties. It can react with acids to form salts. This property is exploited in various applications, such as in pH - control systems where it can be used to adjust the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. In gas - absorption processes for acidic gases like CO? and H?S, its basic nature allows it to react with these acidic components, forming chemical bonds and enabling their removal from gas streams.?
- Reactivity with Other Substances: MDEA can react with a variety of substances. In addition to its reaction with acidic gases, it can participate in reactions with acyl chlorides, amides, and esters. For example, when reacting with acyl chlorides, it forms amide compounds through a substitution reaction. In the context of polyurethane foam production, it acts as a catalyst, facilitating the chemical reactions between the polyol and isocyanate components to form the polyurethane polymer network, influencing the foam's formation rate, cell structure, and final properties.?
3. Production Process?
The most common production method of MDEA is the reaction between ethylene oxide and methylamine. This reaction is based on the nucleophilic addition mechanism. Methylamine, with its lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, acts as a nucleophile. Ethylene oxide, being a highly reactive cyclic ether, has a strained three - membered ring structure that makes it susceptible to nucleophilic attack.?
3.1 Reaction Principle?
When methylamine reacts with ethylene oxide, the nitrogen atom of methylamine attacks the carbon atom of ethylene oxide, opening the ring. The reaction proceeds as follows: CH?NH? + 2C?H?O → CH?N(CH?CH?OH)?. This reaction is exothermic, releasing heat during the process.?
3.2 Specific Process Steps?
- Raw Material Preparation: High - purity methylamine and ethylene oxide are selected as raw materials. Methylamine is often used in the form of anhydrous methylamine or a certain concentration of methylamine solution. Ethylene oxide is a colorless gas at normal temperature and pressure, and it needs to be properly stored and transported in pressurized containers to maintain its liquid state for reaction. Before the reaction, the raw materials are accurately measured according to the stoichiometric ratio to ensure the smooth progress of the reaction and the high yield of the product.?
- Reaction in the Reactor: The reaction is usually carried out in a tubular reactor or a stirred - tank reactor. In a tubular reactor, the reactants are continuously fed into the reactor, and the reaction occurs along the length of the tube under certain temperature and pressure conditions. In a stirred - tank reactor, the reactants are added to the tank, and a stirrer is used to ensure uniform mixing and efficient reaction. The reaction temperature is typically controlled in the range of 100 - 150 °C, and the pressure is maintained at 3 - 6 MPa. Under these conditions, the reaction rate and the yield of MDEA can be optimized.?
- Product Separation and Purification: After the reaction is completed, the reaction mixture contains the target product MDEA, unreacted raw materials, and some by - products. First, the unreacted methylamine is recovered by distillation under normal pressure. Then, water is removed by vacuum distillation. Finally, the crude MDEA is further purified by fractional distillation to obtain high - purity MDEA with a purity of over 99%. During the distillation process, different components are separated based on their different boiling points. MDEA, with a relatively high boiling point of about 247 °C, can be effectively separated from other low - boiling components.?
3.3 Key Control Points and Precautions?
- Temperature Control: Since the reaction is exothermic, strict temperature control is crucial. If the temperature is too high, side reactions may occur, leading to the formation of more by - products and reducing the yield and purity of MDEA. On the other hand, if the temperature is too low, the reaction rate will be slow, and the production efficiency will be reduced. Therefore, a reliable temperature control system, such as a heat exchanger or a temperature - regulating jacket, is used to maintain the reaction temperature within the appropriate range.?
- Pressure Control: Maintaining the correct pressure in the reactor is also important. Deviations from the optimal pressure can affect the reaction rate and the equilibrium of the reaction. Pressure - sensitive instruments are installed in the reactor to monitor the pressure in real - time, and safety valves are equipped to prevent over - pressure situations, ensuring the safe operation of the production process.?
- Raw Material Ratio: The ratio of methylamine to ethylene oxide has a significant impact on the reaction. An inappropriate ratio may result in an excessive amount of unreacted raw materials, which not only increases production costs but also affects the quality of the product. Therefore, accurate metering and control of the raw material ratio are essential to ensure the high - efficiency production of MDEA.?
- Safety Precautions: Ethylene oxide is a highly flammable and explosive gas, and methylamine is also a flammable and toxic substance. During the production process, strict safety measures must be taken. The production area should be well - ventilated to prevent the accumulation of flammable and toxic gases. Fire - prevention and explosion - prevention facilities, such as fire extinguishers and explosion - proof electrical equipment, should be installed. Operators need to wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including gas - tight suits, respirators, and safety goggles, to protect themselves from potential hazards.?
4. Applications?
4.1 Gas Treatment in the Natural Gas and Synthetic Ammonia Industries?
- Desulfurization and Decarbonization in Natural Gas Processing：In the natural gas industry, MDEA plays a crucial role in removing acidic impurities. Natural gas often contains hydrogen sulfide (?H2?S) and carbon dioxide (?CO2?), which can cause corrosion in pipelines and equipment and reduce the calorific value of natural gas. MDEA, as a selective absorbent, can effectively react with ?H2?S and ?CO2?The reaction mechanism with ?H2?S is based on the acid - base reaction. Since MDEA is a tertiary amine, it has a relatively high affinity for ?H2?S
. The reaction can be expressed as: ?
H2?S+R3?N→R3?NH+HS−(where ?R3?N represents MDEA). This reaction occurs rapidly at normal operating conditions, enabling efficient removal of ?H2?S from the natural gas stream. When it comes to ?CO2? absorption, although the reaction rate of pure MDEA with ?CO2? is relatively slow, in the presence of an appropriate activator (such as piperazine), the reaction rate can be significantly increased. The overall reaction process involves the formation of a carbamate or bicarbonate intermediate. For example, in the reaction with an activator - promoted MDEA solution, ?
CO2? first reacts with the activator to form a more reactive intermediate, which then reacts with MDEA. Compared with other amine - based absorbents, MDEA has the advantage of high selectivity for ?H2?S over ?
CO2? under certain conditions. This allows for the preferential removal of ?H2?S
while minimizing the absorption of ?CO2? if only ?H2?S
removal is the primary concern, or precisely controlling the removal ratio of both gases according to the requirements of the natural gas quality standard. It also has a lower energy consumption during the regeneration process of the absorbent. After absorbing acidic gases, the MDEA - rich solution can be regenerated by reducing the pressure and increasing the temperature. Due to its relatively stable chemical properties, MDEA can be recycled multiple times with less degradation, which not only reduces the operating cost but also contributes to environmental protection by minimizing the waste of absorbent materials.?
- Synthetic Ammonia Production：In synthetic ammonia plants, MDEA is used to remove ? CO2?
from the synthesis gas. The synthesis gas for ammonia production is usually obtained from the gasification of coal, natural gas, or other carbon - containing raw materials and contains a certain amount of ?CO2?. Excessive ?CO2? in the synthesis gas can poison the ammonia synthesis catalyst and affect the efficiency of ammonia production. MDEA's high - efficiency ?CO2?
absorption property makes it an ideal choice for this application. The absorption process in synthetic ammonia plants is carried out in absorption towers. The synthesis gas enters the bottom of the tower and contacts the MDEA solution flowing down from the top of the tower in a counter - current manner. Through mass transfer and chemical reaction, ?CO2?
in the synthesis gas is absorbed by the MDEA solution. After the absorption, the MDEA - rich solution is sent to a regeneration tower. In the regeneration tower, under reduced pressure and heating conditions, ?CO2?
is released from the solution, and the regenerated MDEA solution can be recycled back to the absorption tower for continuous use. This cyclic process ensures the high - quality synthesis gas supply for ammonia production and improves the overall production efficiency and economic benefits of the synthetic ammonia plant.?
4.2 Other Chemical Engineering Applications?
- Polyurethane Foam Production：MDEA is widely used as a catalyst in the production of polyurethane foams. Polyurethane foams are produced by the reaction of polyols with isocyanates. MDEA accelerates the reaction rate between these two components. The reaction mechanism involves MDEA interacting with the reactive groups in polyols and isocyanates, promoting the formation of urethane linkages. For example, it can lower the activation energy of the reaction between the hydroxyl groups in polyols and the isocyanate groups, enabling the reaction to occur more easily at a relatively lower temperature. This not only shortens the production cycle but also helps to control the cell structure and density of the polyurethane foam. By adjusting the amount of MDEA added, manufacturers can produce polyurethane foams with different hardness, elasticity, and thermal insulation properties, which are widely used in the construction, furniture, and automotive industries.?
- Surface Active Agent Synthesis：In the synthesis of surface - active agents, MDEA serves as an important intermediate. It can react with fatty acids or fatty acid esters to form amphiphilic compounds with surface - active properties. For instance, when MDEA reacts with a long - chain fatty acid in the presence of a catalyst, it forms an amide - type surfactant. The hydrophilic part of the surfactant comes from the MDEA - derived structure (hydroxyethyl groups and the nitrogen - containing moiety), while the hydrophobic part comes from the long - chain fatty acid. These surfactants have excellent emulsifying, dispersing, and wetting properties. They are widely used in the detergent industry to improve the cleaning ability of detergents by reducing the surface tension of water and enhancing the solubility and dispersion of dirt. In the textile industry, they are used as textile auxiliaries to improve the dyeing and finishing effects, such as helping dyes to evenly disperse on the fabric surface and enhancing the fastness of dyes.?
5. Advantages?
5.1 Energy - Saving in Gas Treatment Processes?
- Low Regeneration Energy Consumption: In gas treatment applications, such as the removal of acidic gases from natural gas or synthesis gas, MDEA offers significant energy - saving advantages. After MDEA absorbs acidic gases like ?H2?S and ?CO2? the regeneration of the rich MDEA solution requires relatively less energy compared to some other absorbents. For example, compared with monoethanolamine (MEA), MDEA has a lower heat of reaction with acidic gases. The heat of reaction of MDEA with ?CO2?
is approximately 35 - 40 kJ/mol, while that of MEA with ?CO2? is around 50 - 60 kJ/mol. This lower heat of reaction means that less heat is needed to reverse the reaction during the regeneration process, reducing the energy input required for solvent regeneration. In a natural gas treatment plant with a large - scale gas - processing capacity, this can lead to substantial savings in steam or heat energy consumption, which is a major cost factor in the operation of such plants.?
- Reduced Power Consumption: The absorption process using MDEA also contributes to energy savings. Due to its high selectivity for ?
H2?S over ? CO2? under certain conditions, MDEA can achieve efficient ? H2?S removal with a relatively lower circulation rate of the absorbent solution. A lower solution circulation rate means less power is consumed by pumps that circulate the MDEA solution between the absorption and regeneration units. In a synthetic ammonia plant where the gas - treatment process is continuous and energy - intensive, reducing the power consumption of pumps through the use of MDEA can lead to significant overall energy savings over time.?
5.2 High - Efficiency Absorption?
- High Acid Gas Loading Capacity: MDEA has a high loading capacity for acidic gases. It can absorb a large amount of ?
H2?S and ?CO2? per unit volume or mass of the absorbent. In a gas - absorption tower, MDEA can reach an acid gas loading of up to 0.5 - 0.7 mol of acid gas per mole of MDEA under optimal conditions. This high loading capacity allows for the treatment of gas streams with high concentrations of acidic impurities in a more efficient manner. For instance, in a refinery gas - treating unit where the feed gas may contain a relatively high percentage of ?H2?S and ?CO2?, MDEA's high - capacity absorption can effectively reduce the number of absorption - regeneration cycles required to achieve the desired gas - purification level, improving the overall processing efficiency.?
- Fast Reaction Kinetics with ?H2?S
: MDEA reacts very rapidly with ?H2?S
. The reaction between MDEA and ?H2?S
is a fast - rate, gas - film - controlled reaction. This fast reaction rate enables quick and efficient removal of ?H2?S
from gas mixtures. In natural gas pipelines, even when there are sudden increases in ?H2?S
content due to fluctuations in gas production sources, MDEA can quickly respond and absorb the ?H2?S
, ensuring that the quality of the natural gas meets the required standards for transportation and use.?
5.3 Corrosion - Resistance and Long - Term Stability?
- Low Corrosiveness: MDEA is relatively non - corrosive to common materials of construction used in industrial equipment, such as carbon steel. This is in contrast to some other amine - based absorbents like MEA, which can cause significant corrosion problems in pipelines and equipment over time. The low corrosiveness of MDEA is attributed to its chemical stability and the nature of its reaction products with acidic gases. Since it does not form highly corrosive by - products during the absorption and regeneration processes, it helps to extend the service life of equipment in gas - treatment plants. For example, in a gas - processing facility that has been in operation for many years using MDEA as the absorbent, the pipelines and towers made of carbon steel show minimal signs of corrosion, reducing the need for frequent equipment replacements and maintenance due to corrosion - related issues.?
- Chemical Stability: MDEA is highly stable under normal operating conditions. It has a low tendency to degrade or react with other components in the gas streams or the process environment in an unwanted way. This stability ensures that the performance of MDEA remains consistent over long - term use. In a biogas purification plant where the gas composition may vary slightly over time, MDEA can maintain its absorption efficiency for ?CO2? and ?H2?S
without significant degradation, providing reliable and continuous gas - purification service.?
5.4 Cost - Effectiveness in the Long Run?
- Reduced Solvent Makeup Requirements: Due to its high stability and low degradation rate, MDEA has a low solvent - makeup requirement. In a large - scale natural gas treatment plant, the annual solvent - makeup rate for MDEA is typically much lower than that of other less - stable absorbents. This reduces the cost of purchasing and replacing the absorbent over time. For example, while some absorbents may need to be replaced or replenished at a rate of 10 - 20% per year, MDEA may only require a makeup rate of 2 - 5% per year, resulting in substantial cost savings in terms of solvent procurement.?
- Lower Equipment Maintenance Costs: As mentioned earlier, MDEA's low corrosiveness leads to lower equipment - maintenance costs. Fewer corrosion - related repairs, replacements of corroded parts, and inspections mean that the overall maintenance budget for gas - treatment facilities using MDEA is reduced. In addition, the energy - saving features of MDEA also contribute to cost - effectiveness by lowering the energy - consumption costs. Considering all these factors, the long - term operational cost of using MDEA in gas - treatment and other applications is relatively low, making it an economically attractive choice for industries.?
6. Quality Standards and Specifications?
In the production and application of N - methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), strict quality standards and specifications are crucial to ensure its performance and reliability in various industrial processes. These standards are established based on the chemical properties and application requirements of MDEA, covering aspects such as purity, impurity content, and physical property specifications.?
6.1 Purity Requirements?
The purity of MDEA is a key quality indicator. In industrial - grade MDEA products, the purity is typically required to be not less than 99.3%. High - purity MDEA is essential for its efficient performance in applications. For example, in gas - treatment processes, high - purity MDEA ensures better reactivity with acidic gases like ?H2?S and ?CO2?. A high - purity MDEA product with a purity of 99.5% can achieve a more complete reaction with ?H2?S
in natural gas desulfurization, resulting in a lower sulfur content in the treated natural gas, which meets the strict sulfur - content standards for pipeline - transported natural gas. The purity of MDEA is usually determined by gas chromatography. In this method, a sample of MDEA is injected into a gas chromatograph. The instrument separates the components in the sample based on their different retention times in the chromatographic column. The area under the peak corresponding to MDEA in the chromatogram is used to calculate its purity percentage. For instance, if the peak area of MDEA accounts for 99.3% or more of the total peak areas of all detected components, the MDEA product meets the purity standard.?
6.2 Impurity Content Limits?
- Moisture Content: The moisture content in MDEA should be kept as low as possible. Generally, the moisture content is required to be no more than 0.4%. Excessive moisture can have a negative impact on the performance of MDEA in some applications. In polyurethane foam production, high - moisture - content MDEA can affect the reaction between polyols and isocyanates, leading to an unstable foam - formation process and affecting the quality of the final polyurethane foam product, such as reducing its mechanical strength and thermal - insulation properties. The moisture content in MDEA is commonly measured by the Karl Fischer method. This method is based on the reaction between water and iodine in the presence of sulfur dioxide and a base in a specific solvent system. The amount of iodine consumed in the reaction is proportional to the water content in the MDEA sample, allowing for accurate determination of the moisture content.?
- Other Impurities: In addition to moisture, MDEA should also have low levels of other impurities. For example, the content of heavy metals and organic impurities is strictly limited. Heavy - metal impurities can act as catalysts for unwanted side reactions or cause corrosion in equipment. Organic impurities may interfere with the chemical reactions in which MDEA participates. The detection of these impurities often involves techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry for heavy - metal analysis and high - performance liquid chromatography for organic - impurity analysis. For heavy - metal detection, if the content of iron in MDEA exceeds the limit (usually in the ppm level), it may catalyze the oxidation of MDEA or affect its stability during long - term storage.?
6.3 Physical Property Specifications?
- Density: The density of MDEA at 20 °C is specified to be in the range of 1.035 - 1.045 g/cm³. Density is an important physical property for quality control. It can be used to quickly check the authenticity and quality of MDEA during production, storage, and transportation. If the measured density of a MDEA sample is outside this range, it may indicate the presence of impurities or incorrect production conditions. The density of MDEA is measured using a pycnometer or a density meter. A pycnometer is a precisely calibrated glassware with a known volume. By weighing the pycnometer filled with MDEA and then calculating the mass - to - volume ratio, the density of MDEA can be accurately determined.?
- pH Value: MDEA has basic properties, and the pH value of its aqueous solution within a certain concentration range is also an important quality - control parameter. For a 50% (mass fraction) aqueous solution of MDEA at 25 °C, the pH value is usually around 10 - 11. Deviations in the pH value may affect its performance in acid - gas absorption or other chemical - reaction applications. For example, if the pH value is too low in a gas - treatment process, the absorption capacity of MDEA for acidic gases may be reduced, resulting in incomplete removal of ?
H2?S and ? CO2? from the gas stream. The pH value of the MDEA solution is measured using a pH meter, which consists of a glass electrode and a reference electrode. The electrodes are immersed in the MDEA solution, and the potential difference between them is related to the hydrogen - ion concentration in the solution, which is then converted into a pH value and displayed on the meter.?
7. Packaging, Storage and Transportation?
7.1 Packaging?
MDEA is usually packaged in galvanized iron drums or plastic - lined steel drums. The common packaging specifications are 200 - liter drums, with each drum containing approximately 200 - 210 kg of MDEA. This type of packaging can effectively prevent leakage and ensure the stability of the product during storage and transportation. The inner lining of the steel drum, usually made of polyethylene or other corrosion - resistant materials, can prevent the MDEA from reacting with the metal surface of the drum, maintaining the purity and quality of MDEA. For example, in a large - scale natural gas treatment plant, the MDEA used for gas desulfurization is transported to the plant in 200 - liter galvanized iron drums, which are easy to handle and stack during transportation and storage in the plant's warehouse.?
7.2 Storage?
MDEA should be stored in a cool, dry, and well - ventilated warehouse. It should be kept away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and open flames. The storage temperature is preferably maintained between 5 - 35 °C. At temperatures higher than 35 °C, the risk of MDEA decomposition or oxidation may increase slightly, although it is relatively stable. At low temperatures, especially below the melting point of about - 21 °C, MDEA may solidify, which can cause difficulties in handling and metering. It should also be stored separately from oxidizing agents, acids, and other reactive substances to avoid potential chemical reactions. For instance, in a chemical storage facility, MDEA is stored in a dedicated area away from areas where strong oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate are stored. The storage area should be equipped with appropriate fire - prevention and explosion - prevention facilities, such as fire extinguishers and explosion - proof electrical equipment, to ensure safety in case of emergencies.?
7.3 Transportation?
During transportation, MDEA should be protected from sunlight, rain, and high - temperature exposure. It is usually transported by tank trucks, railway tank cars, or sea - going tankers depending on the transportation distance and quantity. When transported by tank trucks, the tank should be well - insulated and equipped with safety valves and other devices to prevent over - pressure and leakage. In railway transportation, special railway tank cars designed for the transportation of chemical liquids are used, and strict safety regulations are followed during loading, unloading, and transportation. For long - distance international transportation, sea - going tankers are a common choice. However, regardless of the transportation mode, the transportation vehicles and containers must comply with relevant safety standards and regulations. For example, in the transportation of MDEA from a production plant in one region to a natural gas processing plant in another region by tank truck, the driver needs to follow the specified transportation routes, avoid areas with high - traffic congestion and potential safety hazards, and regularly check the condition of the tank and the transportation vehicle to ensure the safe transportation of MDEA. Operators involved in the transportation of MDEA should be trained in the handling of chemical products, understand the properties of MDEA, and be familiar with emergency response procedures in case of accidents such as leakage or fire.?
8. Conclusion?
In conclusion, N - Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) is an indispensable compound in modern industrial processes. Its unique physical and chemical properties, such as high solubility, chemical stability, and basicity, enable it to be widely used in gas treatment, polyurethane foam production, surface - active agent synthesis, and other fields. MDEA's energy - saving, high - efficiency absorption, corrosion - resistance, and long - term stability make it a preferred choice over many other alternatives in relevant applications, leading to significant economic and environmental benefits. As industries continue to develop and the demand for high - quality products and efficient processes grows, MDEA is expected to play an even more crucial role in the future. Whether you are involved in the energy, chemical, or manufacturing industries, further understanding and making full use of MDEA can bring you competitive advantages and contribute to the sustainable development of your business.
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Hazard Identification
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Handling and Storage
Precautions for safe handling
Handling in a well ventilated place. Wear suitable protective clothing. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Use non-sparking tools. Prevent fire caused by electrostatic discharge steam.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Store the container tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Store apart from foodstuff containers or incompatible materials.
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